Homogeneity and trend analysis of rainfall and droughts over Southeast Australia

This study investigates rainfall and drought characteristics in southeastern Australia (New South Wales and Victoria) using data from 45 rainfall stations. Four homogeneity tests are adopted to determine inhomogeneities in the annual total rainfall (ATR) and monthly rainfall data, namely The Pettitt test, the SNHT, the Buishand range test and the Von Neumann ratio test at significance levels of 1%, 5%, and 10%. Temporal trends in rainfall (ATR, monthly, and seasonal) and droughts are examined using autocorrelated Mann–Kendall (A-MK) trend test at 1%, 5%, and 10% significance levels. We also assess meteorological droughts by using multiple drought indices (3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, 24-, and 36-month Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Effective Drought Index (EDI)). Furthermore, spatial variability of temporal trends in rainfall and drought are investigated through interpolation of Sen’s slope estimator. The results represent an increasing trend in ATR between 1920 and 2019. However, southeast Australia is highly dominated by a significant negative trend in the medium term between 1970 and 2019. Winter is found to be dominated by a significantly negative trend, whereas summer and spring seasons are dominated by a positive trend. April is detected as the driest month according to magnitude of Sen’s slope and the A-MK test result. Positive trends on droughts are observed at inner parts of the study area, whereas a negative trend is detected in the south, southeast, and northeast of the study area based on SPIs and EDI. The findings of this study help to understand changes in rainfall and droughts in southeastern Australia.