Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae in degrading agricultural waste as a sustainable protein production: feedstock modification and challenges

The use of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) in livestock farming and aquaculture as an alternative protein source sheds light on sustainable development of agriculture. The aims of this scientific note were to address the recent progress and the challenges specifically in the research of BSFL rearing using locally available organic waste as feedstock. It has been found that the pre-treatment of feedstock with blending and fermentation methods increases nutrient content and palatability. Studies examining bioconversion of feedstock, growth performance and protein production of BSFL are highlighted. Moving towards Industry 4.0, the Internet of Things (IoT) and automated smart farming systems have been proposed and implemented recently to establish a sustainable agriculture system in BSFL rearing industry. Notwithstanding, much work is still required on the post-harvest processing techniques and the application of advanced technologies to standardize BSFL protein quality. The resolution of industrialization challenges will comprehend the sustainable production and the potential applications of BSFL protein.