A hemizygous mutation in the androgen receptor gene causes different phenotypes of androgen insensitivity syndrome in two siblings by disrupting the nuclear translocation

The androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is a congenital disease characterized by androgen resistance due to androgen receptor (AR) gene mutations, resulting in disorders of sex differentiation in 46,XY individuals. However, the underlying mechanisms in the majority of AR variants and the phenotype–genotype correlations are unclear. Here, we identified a p.Y764H variant of the AR gene that results in different phenotypes in a family. Structural analyses revealed that amino acid substitution affected protein properties and spatial conformation, and in vitro, functional studies showed impaired nuclear translocation ability of the mutated protein. Moreover, the extent to which this variant reduced nuclear translocation depends on the dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations. Our results, for the first time, demonstrated a pathogenesis of the p.Y764H mutations in AR resulting in AIS phenotype, and indicated that AIS patients with p.Y764H mutation and preserved gonad might have residual AR activity at high androgen levels, putting patients at risk for pubertal virilization in the future. We provide an in-depth insight into the pathogenesis in AIS based on the amino acid substitution, which may help aid its precise diagnosis, personalized treatment, and organized follow-up to avoid gender dysphoria.