Pathology and genetic factors of small cell lung carcinoma

Background Small cell carcinoma is a distinct histological and clinical entity within the range of lung cancers. It is important to differentiate between small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and other small, round and blue tumors due to differing therapeutic approaches. Aim The focus of this paper was to demonstrate typical morphological, immunohistochemical and genetic findings of SCLC as well as of the relevant differential diagnoses. Materials and methods We performed a literature research in the PubMed database and in the common pathological literature. Results A reliable diagnosis of this aggressive tumor entity is of highest importance in order to start adequate therapy as soon as possible. Immunohistochemical stains are essential for this. Conclusion It is a very aggressive tumor with poor survival despite therapy. Novel immune checkpoint therapies may be effective in at least a subset of lung cancer patients.