The role of chronic muscle (in)activity on carnosine homeostasis: a study with spinal cord-injured athletes

To examine the role of chronic (in)activity on muscle carnosine (MCarn) and how chronic (in)activity affects MCarn responses to 13-alanine supplementation in spinal cord-injured athletes, 16 male athletes with paraplegia were randomized (2:1 ratio) to receive 13-alanine (n = 11) or placebo (PL, n = 5). They consumed 6.4 g/day of 13-alanine or PL for 28 days. Muscle biopsies of the active deltoid and the inactive vastus lateralis (VL) were taken before and after supplementation. MCarn in the VL was also compared with the VL of a group of individuals without paraplegia (n = 15). MCarn was quantified in whole muscle and in pools of individual fibers by high-performance liquid chromatography. MCarn was higher in chronically inactive VL vs. well-trained deltoid (32.0 +/- 12.0 vs. 20.5 +/- 6.1 mmol/kg DM; P = 0.018). MCarn was higher in inactive vs. active VL (32.0 +/- 12.0 vs. 21.2 +/- 7.5 mmol/kg DM; P = 0.011). In type-I fibers, MCarn was significantly higher in the inactive VL than in the active deltoid (38.3 +/- 4.7 vs. 27.3 +/- 11.8 mmol/kg DM, P = 0.014). MCarn increased similarly between inactive VL and active deltoid in the 13-alanine group (VL: 68.9 +/- 55.1%, P = 0.0002; deltoid: 90.5 +/- 51.4%, P < 0.0001), with no changes in the PL group. MCarn content was higher in the inactive VL than in the active deltoid and the active VL, but this is probably a consequence of fiber type shift (type I to type II) that occurs with chronic inactivity. Chronically inactive muscle showed an increase in MCarn after BA supplementation equally to the active muscle, suggesting that carnosine accretion following 13-alanine supplementation is not influenced by muscle inactivity.