Geriatric nutritional risk index as a nutritional and survival risk assessment tool in stable outpatients with systolic heart failure

Background and aims: Malnutrition is frequent in heart failure (HF). However, the best tool for evaluating malnutrition in geriatric patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the incremental prognostic value of the geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) in stable geriatric outpatients with HFrEF compared with a clinical/laboratory prognostic model. Methods and results: A total of 143 outpatients with HFrEF, aged > 65 years, a LVEF < 40%, and who were stable and on optimal therapy were studied. Follow-up lasted 3 years. The outcome was all-cause death. The GNRI was calculated as follows: [(1.489 x serum albumin (g/L)) + (41.7 x (current body weight/ideal weight)]. The 3-year death rate was 36.4% and 16 (11.2%) patients were at risk of malnutrition (GNRI <= 98). Deceased patients had a lower GNRI (113.6 +/- 9.1 vs. 105.6 +/- 9.2; p < 0.001) than did survivors. Greater values of the GNRI (hazard ratio = 0.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.90-0.95; p < 0.001) and GNRI > 98 (hazard ratio = 0.29, 95% CI 0.15-0.57; p < 0.001) were associated with better survival. These factors remained significant after adjustment of significant confounders. The GNRI was a better discriminator of death than weight and albumin. Adding the GNRI to the clinical/laboratory predictor survival model significantly increased the c-statistics from 0.93 to 0.95 (p < 0.001) and the chi-square likelihood ratio test from 106.15 to 119.9. Conclusion: The risk of malnutrition, as assessed by the GNRI, in stable geriatric outpatients with HFrEF is a strong independent predictor of survival. The GNRI adds significant prognostic information to the clinical/laboratory model. (C) 2017 The Italian Society of Diabetology, the Italian Society for the Study of Atherosclerosis, the Italian Society of Human Nutrition, and the Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.