A model analysis of the relationship between climate perturbations and carbon budget anomalies in global terrestrial ecosystems: 1970 to 1997

We performed a model analysis of the effect of climatic perturbations from 1970 to 1997 on the carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems at the global scale. The model, Sim-CYCLE, enabled us to simulate carbon storage in terrestrial pools and monthly carbon fluxes between the atmosphere and the biosphere, e.g, photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and net ecosystem production (NEP). For the global analysis, we adopted the Matthews biome distribution map (12 biome types) and the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the US National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis climate dataset, which is at a spatial resolution of T62 (5828 land cells). During the 28 yr experimental period, global NEP showed considerable climate-induced interannual anomalies (Delta NEPs) ranging from -2.06 Pg C yr(-1) (source) in 1983 to +2.25 (sink) Pg C yr(-1) in 1971, being sufficiently large to give rise to anomalies in the atmospheric CO(2) concentration from +0.97 to -1.06 ppmv. Regression analyses demonstrated the following: (1) annual Delta NEPs had the highest correlation (r(2) = 0.38) with the temperature anomaly at the global scale; (2) the anomalies in precipitation resulted in a considerable Delta NEP in northern high and middle regions; (3) an anomalous global warming by +1 degreesC brought about a negative Delta NEP of -2.7 Pg C yr(-1); (4) the responsiveness was primarily attributable to the temperature sensitivities of plant respiration and: soil decomposition, and secondarily to the moisture sensitivity of decomposition; and (5) the temperature dependence of Delta NEP had a clear seasonality, i.e. most sensitive in July to September (summer in the northern hemisphere) relative to other seasons. In 1983, when an ENSO event happened and the tropical zone was anomalously hot (0.4 degreesC above the longterm mean), the largest negative Delta NEP (-2.06 Pg C yl-l) was estimated. On the other hand, in 1971, when global mean temperature was relatively low (0.2 degreesC below the long-term mean), the largest positive Delta NEP (+2.25 Pg C y(-1)) was estimated. Furthermore, in 1992, when an anomalous cooling during the growing period (0.3 degreesC below the long-term mean) was caused by the Mt. Pinatubo eruption (June 1991), a considerable positive Delta NEP (+1.14 Pg C yr(-1)) was estimated. The climate dependencies of global terrestrial ecosystems analyzed here may contain significant implications not only for the present functioning of atmosphere-biosphere carbon exchange, but also for ongoing global warming.