The influence of palm oil fuel ash heat treatment on the strength activity, porosity, and water absorption of cement mortar

The current study aims to explore the impact of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) heat treatment on the strength activity, porosity, and water absorption of cement mortar. The cement mortar mixtures were typically comprising cement or cement in combination with ultrafine treated POFA (u-TPOFA) which is the final form of the treated POFA, sand, water, and a superplasticizer. Before utilizing the u-TPOFA in mortar mixtures, the treatment processes of POFA were undertaken via five steps (drying at 105 degrees C, sieving, grinding, heat treatment, re-grinding) to form u-TPOFA. The heat treatment was performed at three different heating temperatures (i.e., 550 degrees C, 600 degrees C, and 650 degrees C). The ratio on mass/mass basis of the blended ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with u-TPOFA was OPC:u-TPOFA of 70%:30%. A total of four mixtures were prepared, consisting of a plain control mixture (designated as PCM) and three mixtures containing 30% of u-TPOFA treated at three different temperatures designated as M1 "550 degrees C," M2 "600 degrees C," and M3 "650 degrees C". The results show that the optimum mixture was M2 which achieved the highest strength activity index (SAI) of 101.84% and 107% among all mixtures at 7 days and 28 days, respectively. Meanwhile, the porosity (P%) and water absorption (Abs%) of M2 exhibited the lowest values of 9.3% and 4.5%, respectively, among all the mixtures at 28 days. This superior performance of u-TPOFA treated at 600 degrees C represented in the M2 mixture was due to the formation of more binding phases consisting of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) type gel originated from a higher pozzolanic reaction and the filler effects caused by the fine u-TPOFA microparticles. These observations were further confirmed by the improved performance of the M2 mix among all the designed mixes which also exhibited better results in terms of bulk density (BD), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as thermogravimetry (TGA) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM-EDX) analyses.