Homogeneous Li+ Flux Distribution Enables Highly Stable and Temperature-Tolerant Lithium Anode

3D carbon hosts can enable low-stress Li metal anodes (LMAs) with improved structural and interfacial stability. However, the uneven Li+ flux and large concentration polarization, resulting from intrinsically poor Li affinity and limited porosity of carbon scaffolds, make the precise control of Li plating/stripping still one the key challenges facing advanced LMAs. Here it is demonstrated that a lightweight carbon scaffold, featuring parallel-aligned porous fibers, can work well for homogeneous Li+ flux distribution and reduced concentration gradient to form a stable solid electrolyte interphase, and then synergistically guide smooth Li nucleation/growth even at low temperatures. As a result, the obtained LMAs delivers a high areal capacity up to 15 mAh cm(-2), ultralong lifespan (4800 cycles at 4 mA cm(-2)) with very low voltage hysteresis of approximate to 21 mV, a high practically available specific capacity of 863.9 mAh g(-1) after 1000 cycles, and a long-term stable behavior at low-temperature operation. As coupling with the commercial LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 cathodes and common carbonate-based electrolyte, the corresponding practical cells also possess an ultralong lifespan and outstanding low-temperature functionality. This study not only presents an advanced carbon host candidate but also sheds new light on crucial design principles of carbon scaffolds for practically feasible rechargeable metal batteries.