Recent Developments of Retinal Image Analysis in Alzheimer's Disease and Potential AI Applications

Alzheimers disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative illness and cause of dementia in the elderly. The critical barriers for primary prevention in AD are the lack of rapid, noninvasive, sensitive and low-cost biomarkers. As the eye and brain share essential structural and pathogenic pathways, non-invasive eye biomarkers could be identified to obtain new insights into the onset and progression of AD and its complications in the eye. In this short review, recent developments of retinal image analysis in AD and potential artificial intelligence (AI) applications are presented. Some approaches are still very much novel research techniques, others are more established and transitioning into the clinical diagnostic arena. Together they provide us with the capability to move AD detection research forwards by using novel peripheral biomarkers.