The Magnetism of Moral Reasoning and the Principle of Proportionality in Comparative Constitutional Adjudication

A constitutional limitations clause manages the conflict between constitutional rights and the legislative pursuit of broader social objectives. In six paradigm postwar constitutional democracies-Canada, Germany, India, Israel, Poland, and South Africa-the principle of proportionality has emerged as the analytical fulcrum of the judicial inquiry into the constitutionality of rights limitations. Criticism of the principle of proportionality has crystallized into three main objections: proportionality analysis devalues rights by exposing them to the ordinary processes of political bargaining; it offends the rule of law because it depends on unpredictable moral reasoning; and it involves the unintelligible balancing of incommensurable goods. This Article considers, first, whether limitations jurisprudence in the paradigm countries contains responses to these objections. It argues that there are ways of meeting the devaluation and incommensurability objections, but suggests that models of analysis that purport to meet the unpredictability objection by minimizing the role of moral reasoning are undermined by the continued judicial reliance on moral reasoning in the paradigm countries. The Article argues, second, that moral reasoning maintains this magnetic attraction over judges because the conception of the rule of law at work in the paradigm countries, and which judges and other public officials are committed to upholding, compels judges and legislators to engage directly and fully with the normative commitments a political community makes and which inform its constitution. Because people reasonably disagree over the content and contours of these normative commitments, judges cannot rely on a de-moralized analysis but must make arguments intended to persuade rational, morally autonomous members of a political community how our most fundamental normative commitments should be understood by the legal system.