Complex-valued transmission-line parameters and their relation to the radiation resistance

In this paper, the telegrapher equations are extended to general modes and very high frequencies to include radiation effects. It is shown, that the new line parameters are gauge dependent. However, there is also a gauge-independent representation of these parameters. In this representation, the per-unit-length capacitance is not correlated with the radiation resistance, only the per-unit-length inductance (strictly speaking, the imaginary part of it) constitutes it. The generalization to multiconductor and to finite straight transmission lines is straightforward.