Vibrioferrin production by the food spoilage bacterium Pseudomonas fragi

Pseudomonas fragi is a meat and milk spoilage bacterium with high iron requirements; however, mechanisms of iron acquisition remain largely unknown. The aim of this work was to investigate siderophore production as an iron acquisition system for P. fragi. A vibrioferrin siderophore gene cluster was identified in 13 P. fragi, and experiments were conducted with a representative strain of this group (F1801). Chromeazurol S assays showed that P. fragi F1801 produced siderophores under iron starvation at optimum growth and refrigeration temperature. Conversely, supplementation of low iron media with 50 mu M FeCl3 repressed transcription of the vibrioferrin genes and siderophore production. Disruption of the siderophore receptor (Delta pvuA) caused polar effects on downstream vibrioferrin genes, resulting in impaired siderophore production of the Delta pvuA mutant. Growth of this mutant was compared to growth of a control strain (Delta lip) with wild-type vibrioferrin genes in low iron media supplemented with iron chelators 2,2'-bipyridyl or apo-transferrin. While 25 mu M 2,2'-bipyridyl caused impaired growth of Delta pvuA, growth of the mutant was completely inhibited by 2.5 mu M apo-transferrin, but could be restored by FeCl3 addition. In summary, this work identifies a vibrioferrin-mediated iron acquisition system of P. fragi, which is required for growth of this bacterium under iron starvation.