The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs Radial-velocity variations of active stars in visual-channel spectra

被引：56

作者：

Tal-Or, L. ^{[1
]}

Zechmeister, M. ^{[1
]}

Reiners, A. ^{[1
]}

Jeffers, S., V ^{[1
]}

Schoefer, P. ^{[1
]}

Quirrenbach, A. ^{[2
]}

Amado, P. J. ^{[3
]}

Ribas, I ^{[4
,5
]}

Caballero, J. A. ^{[6
]}

Aceituno, J. ^{[3
,7
]}

Bauer, F. F. ^{[1
]}

Bejar, V. J. S. ^{[8
,9
]}

Czesla, S. ^{[10
]}

Dreizler, S. ^{[1
]}

Fuhrmeister, B. ^{[10
]}

Hatzes, A. P. ^{[11
]}

Johnson, E. N. ^{[1
]}

Kuerster, M. ^{[12
]}

Lafarga, M. ^{[4
,5
]}

Montes, D. ^{[13
,14
]}

Morales, J. C. ^{[4
,5
]}

Reffert, S. ^{[2
]}

Sadegi, S. ^{[2
]}

Seifert, W. ^{[2
]}

Shulyak, D. ^{[1
]}

机构：

[1] Georg August Univ, Inst Astrophys, Friedrich Hund Pl 1, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany

[2] Heidelberg Univ, Zentrum Astron, Landessternwarte, Konigstuhl 12, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany

[3] CSIC, IAA, Glorieta Astron S-N, E-18008 Granada 18008, Spain

[4] CSIC, ICE, Campus UAB,C Can Magrans S-N, Barcelona 08193, Spain

[5] IEEC, Barcelona 08034, Spain

[6] CSIC, INTA, Ctr Astrobiol, ESAC Campus,Camino Bajo Castillo S-N, Madrid 28692, Spain

[7] CSIC, Ctr Astron Hispano Aleman, MPG, Observ Astro Calar Alto, Gergal 04550, Almeria, Spain

[8] Inst Astrofis Canarias, Via Lactea S-N, Tenerife 38205, Spain

[9] Univ La Laguna, Dept Astrofis, Tenerife 38206, Spain

[10] Hamburger Sternwarte, Gojenbergsweg 112, D-21029 Hamburg, Germany

[11] Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany

[12] Max Planck Inst Astron, Konigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany

[13] Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Ciencias Fis, Dept Fis Tierra & Astrofis, E-28040 Madrid 28040, Spain

[14] Univ Complutense Madrid, Fac Ciencias Fis, UPARCOS, Unidad Fis Particulas & Cosmos, E-28040 Madrid 28040, Spain

来源：

ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS | 2018年 / 614卷

关键词：

stars: late-type; stars: activity; stars: rotation; techniques: radial velocities; H-ALPHA EMISSION; PLANET; ROTATION; JITTER;

D O I：

10.1051/0004-6361/201732362

中图分类号：

P1 [天文学];

学科分类号：

0704 ;

摘要：

Context. Previous simulations predicted the activity-induced radial-velocity (RV) variations of M dwarfs to range from similar to 1 cm s(-1) to similar to 1 km s(-1), depending on various stellar and activity parameters. Aims. We investigate the observed relations between RVs, stellar activity, and stellar parameters of M dwarfs by analyzing CARMENES high-resolution visual-channel spectra (0.5-1 mu m), which were taken within the CARMENES RV planet survey during its first 20 months of operation. Methods. During this time, 287 of the CARMENES-sample stars were observed at least five times. From each spectrum we derived a relative RV and a measure of chromospheric Ha emission. In addition, we estimated the chromatic index (CRX) of each spectrum, which is a measure of the RV wavelength dependence. Results. Despite having a median number of only 11 measurements per star, we show that the RV variations of the stars with RV scatter of >10 m s(-1) and a projected rotation velocity upsilon sin i > 2 km s(-1) are caused mainly by activity. We name these stars "active RV-loud stars" and find their occurrence to increase with spectral type: from similar to 3% for early-type M dwarfs (M0.0-2.5 V) through similar to 30% for mid-type M dwarfs (M3.0-5.5 V) to >50% for late-type M dwarfs (M6.0-9.0 V). Their RV-scatter amplitude is found to be correlated mainly with upsilon sin i. For about half of the stars, we also find a linear RV-CRX anticorrelation, which indicates that their activity-induced RV scatter is lower at longer wavelengths. For most of them we can exclude a linear correlation between RV and H alpha emission. Conclusions. Our results are in agreement with simulated activity-induced RV variations in M dwarfs. The RV variations of most active RV-loud M dwarfs are likely to be caused by dark spots on their surfaces, which move in and out of view as the stars rotate.

引用

页数：17

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Dreizler, S.
Crossfield, I. J. M.
Kossakowski, D.
Plavchan, P.
Jeffers, S., V
Kemmer, J.
Luque, R.
Espinoza, N.
Palle, E.
Stassun, K.
Matthews, E.
Cale, B.
Caballero, J. A.
Schlecker, M.
Lillo-Box, J.
Zechmeister, M.
Lalitha, S.
Reiners, A.
Soubkiou, A.
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Latham, D. W.
Seager, S.
Winn, J.
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Amado, P. J.
Barkaoui, K.
Barbieri, M.
Batalha, N. M.
Bauer, F. F.
Benneke, B.
Benkhaldoun, Z.
Beichman, C.
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Burt, J.
Butler, R. P.
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Zapatero Osorio, M. R.
Caballero, J. A.
Sanz-Forcada, J.
Bejar, V. J. S.
Gonzalez-Cuesta, L.
Dreizler, S.
Bauer, F. F.
Rodriguez, E.
Tal-Or, L.
Zechmeister, M.
Montes, D.
Lopez-Gonzalez, M. J.
Ribas, I
Reiners, A.
Quirrenbach, A.
Amado, P. J.
Anglada-Escud, G.
Azzaro, M.
Cortes-Contreras, M.
Hatzes, A. P.
Henning, T.
Jeffers, S., V
Kaminski, A.
Kuerster, M.
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Pall, E.
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Schmitt, J. H. M. M.
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[43] The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs A Neptune-mass planet traversing the habitable zone around HD 180617
Kaminski, A.
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Ribas, I.
Reiners, A.
Amado, P. J.
Zechmeister, M.
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Baroch, D.
Morales, J. C.
Passegger, V. M.
Bauer, F. F.
Cardona Guillen, C.
Dreizler, S.
Oshagh, M.
Reiners, A.
Ribas, I
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Quirrenbach, A.
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Molaverdikhani, K.
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Murgas, F.
Hidalgo, D.
Zapatero Osorio, M. R.
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Amado, P. J.
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El Mufti, M.
Esparza-Borges, E.
Essack, Z.
Fukui, A.
Gaidos, E.
Gillon, M.
Gonzales, E. J.
Guerra, P.
Hatzes, A.
Henning, Th
Herrero, E.
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Hirano, T.
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[47] The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Guaranteed time observations Data Release 1 (2016-2020)
Ribas, I.
Reiners, A.
Zechmeister, M.
Caballero, J. A.
Morales, J. C.
Sabotta, S.
Baroch, D.
Amado, P. J.
Quirrenbach, A.
Abril, M.
Aceituno, J.
Anglada-Escude, G.
Azzaro, M.
Barrado, D.
Bejar, V. J. S.
Benitez de Haro, D.
Bergond, G.
Bluhm, P.
Calvo Ortega, R.
Cardona Guillen, C.
Chaturvedi, P.
Cifuentes, C.
Colome, J.
Cont, D.
Cortes-Contreras, M.
Czesla, S.
Diez-Alonso, E.
Dreizler, S.
Duque-Arribas, C.
Espinoza, N.
Fernandez, M.
Fuhrmeister, B.
Galadi-Enriquez, D.
Garcia-Lopez, A.
Gonzalez-Alvarez, E.
Gonzalez Hernandez, J. I.
Guenther, E. W.
de Guindos, E.
Hatzes, A. P.
Henning, Th.
Herrero, E.
Hintz, D.
Huelmo, A. L.
Jeffers, S. V.
Johnson, E. N.
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Kemmer, J.
Khaimova, J.
Khalafinejad, S.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2023, 670
[48] The CARMENES Search for Exoplanets around M Dwarfs: A Low-mass Planet in the Temperate Zone of the Nearby K2-18
Sarkis, Paula
Henning, Thomas
Kuerster, Martin
Trifonov, Trifon
Zechmeister, Mathias
Tal-Or, Lev
Anglada-Escude, Guillem
Hatzes, Artie P.
Lafarga, Marina
Dreizler, Stefan
Ribas, Ignasi
Caballero, Jose A.
Reiners, Ansgar
Mallonn, Matthias
Morales, Juan C.
Kaminski, Adrian
Aceituno, Jesus
Amado, Pedro J.
Bejar, Victor J. S.
Hagen, Hans-Jurgen
Jeffers, Sandra
Quirrenbach, Andreas
Launhardt, Ralf
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Montes, David
ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL, 2018, 155 (06)
[49] The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs Two temperate Earth-mass planet candidates around Teegarden's Star
Zechmeister, M.
Dreizler, S.
Ribas, I
Reiners, A.
Caballero, J. A.
Bauer, F. F.
Bejar, V. J. S.
Gonzalez-Cuesta, L.
Herrero, E.
Lalitha, S.
Lopez-Gonzalez, M. J.
Luque, R.
Morales, J. C.
Palle, E.
Rodriguez, E.
Rodriguez Lopez, C.
Tal-Or, L.
Anglada-Escude, G.
Quirrenbach, A.
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Barrado, D.
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Bergond, G.
Bluhm, P.
Brinkmoeller, M.
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Cardona Guillen, C.
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Cardenas Vazquez, M. C.
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Claret, A.
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ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2019, 627
[50] The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: No evidence for a super-Earth in a 2-day orbit around GJ 1151
Perger, M.
Ribas, I
Anglada-Escude, G.
Morales, J. C.
Amado, P. J.
Caballero, J. A.
Quirrenbach, A.
Reiners, A.
Bejar, V. J. S.
Dreizler, S.
Galadi-Enriquez, D.
Hatzes, A. P.
Henning, Th
Jeffers, S., V
Kaminski, A.
Kuerster, M.
Lafarga, M.
Montes, D.
Palle, E.
Rodriguez-Lopez, C.
Schweitzer, A.
Zapatero Osorio, M. R.
Zechmeister, M.
ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS, 2021, 649

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