Exploring an approach to grain boundary (GB) mesoscopic structure in 3D polycrystals, we develop a model description for equilibrium and non-equilibrium states of GBs in graphene. Non-equilibrium states of GBs in graphene are analyzed for the first time. On the base of this model, dependence of total energy for symmetric GBs on the misorientation angle, E(theta), in graphene was calculated. It was found that for the same average misorientation angle the energy in a non-equilibrium state of a GB in graphene can significantly exceed the energy in the equilibrium state. In graphene, the GB energy depends to a greater extent on the deviation from the equilibrium state than on the misorientation angle. It is proposed to account for the presence of non-equilibrium GBs in the explanations of unusual physical properties of graphene. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Oakland Univ, Dept Phys, Rochester, MI 48309 USAUniv Tehran, Dept Phys, Tehran 14395547, Iran
Elder, Ken R.
Ala-Nissila, Tapio
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Aalto Univ, Dept Appl Phys, COMP Ctr Excellence, Sch Sci, POB 11000, FIN-00076 Espoo, Finland
Loughborough Univ, Dept Math Sci, Loughborough LE11 3TU, Leics, England
Loughborough Univ, Dept Phys, Loughborough LE11 3TU, Leics, EnglandUniv Tehran, Dept Phys, Tehran 14395547, Iran
Ala-Nissila, Tapio
Allaei, S. Mehdi Vaez
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Univ Tehran, Dept Phys, Tehran 14395547, Iran
Inst Res Fundamental Sci IPM, Sch Phys, Tehran 193955531, IranUniv Tehran, Dept Phys, Tehran 14395547, Iran
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Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inst Lumiere Matiere, CNRS, UMR5306, F-69100 Villeurbanne, FranceUniv Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inst Lumiere Matiere, CNRS, UMR5306, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
Ouadfel, Mehdi
Merabia, Samy
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Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inst Lumiere Matiere, CNRS, UMR5306, F-69100 Villeurbanne, FranceUniv Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inst Lumiere Matiere, CNRS, UMR5306, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
Merabia, Samy
Yamaguchi, Yasutaka
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Osaka Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Suita, Japan
Tokyo Univ Sci, Res Inst Sci & Technol, Water Frontier Res Ctr WaTUS, Shinjuku Ku, Tokyo, JapanUniv Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inst Lumiere Matiere, CNRS, UMR5306, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
Yamaguchi, Yasutaka
Joly, Laurent
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Univ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inst Lumiere Matiere, CNRS, UMR5306, F-69100 Villeurbanne, FranceUniv Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inst Lumiere Matiere, CNRS, UMR5306, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France