From Birth till Death: Neurogenesis, Cell Cycle, and Neurodegeneration

被引:22
作者
Demir, Ozlem [1 ]
Singh, Sheila [2 ,3 ]
Klimaschewski, Lars [4 ]
Kurnaz, Isil Aksan [1 ]
机构
[1] Yeditepe Univ, Dept Genet & Bioengn, Istanbul, Turkey
[2] McMaster Univ, Stem Cell & Canc Res Inst, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
[3] McMaster Univ, Dept Surg, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
[4] Med Univ Innsbruck, Div Neuroanat, Dept Anat & Histol, Innsbruck, Austria
来源
ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY | 2009年 / 292卷 / 12期
关键词
neural stem cells; neurogenesis; neuroregeneration; cell cycle; neurodegeneration; nervous system tumors; brain tumor initiating cells; NEURAL PROGENITOR CELLS; SPINAL-CORD; STEM-CELLS; SELF-RENEWAL; PROLIFERATION; IDENTIFICATION; ASTROCYTES; RECOVERY; NEURONS; DIFFERENTIATION;
D O I
10.1002/ar.20980
中图分类号
R602 [外科病理学、解剖学]; R32 [人体形态学];
学科分类号
100101 ;
摘要
Neurogenesis in the embryo involves many signaling pathways and transcriptional programs and an elaborate orchestration of cell cycle exit in differentiating precursors. However, while the neurons differentiate into a plethora of different subtypes and different identities, they also presume a highly polar structure with a particular morphology of the cytoskeleton, thereby making it almost impossible for any differentiated cell to re-enter the cell cycle. It has been observed that dysregulated or forced cell cycle reentry is closely linked to neurodegeneration and apoptosis in neurons, most likely through changes in the neurocytoskeleton. However, proliferative cells still exist within the nervous system, and adult neural stem cells (NSCs) have been identified in the Central Nervous System (CNS) in the past decade, raising a great stir in the neuroscience community. NSCs present a new therapeutic potential, and much effort has since gone into understanding the molecular mechanisms driving differentiation of specific neuronal lineages, such as dopaminergic neurons, for use in regenerative medicine, either through transplanted NSCs or manipulation of existing ones. Nevertheless, differentiation and proliferation are two sides of the same coin, just like tumorigenesis and degeneration. Tumor formation may be regarded as a de-differentiation of tissues, where cell cycle mechanisms are reactivated in differentiated cell types. It is thus important to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying various brain tumors in this perspective. The recent Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) hypothesis also suggests the presence of Brain Tumor Initiating Cells (BTICs) within a tumor population, although the exact origin of these rare and mostly elusive BTICs are yet to be identified. This review attempts to investigate the correlation of neural stem cells/precursors, mature neurons, BTICs and brain tumors with respect to cell cycle regulation and the impact of cell cycle in neurodegeneration. Anat Rec, 292:1953-1961, 2009. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
引用
收藏
页码:1953 / 1961
页数:9
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