Atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation Past, present, and future developments

The term "atrial remodeling" is used to describe the electrical, mechanical, and structural changes associated with the presence of an arrhythmogenic substrate for atrial fibrillation. Rhythm control therapy may slow down or even reverse progressive atrial remodeling. Atrial remodeling has long been recognized as an important predictor of clinical outcomes and therapeutic success, but recent advances have highlighted its clinical relevance and revealed the implications of specific anatomical changes such as atrial asymmetry or shape. This has opened the path to computational precision medicine that captures these data in detail and combines them with other factors, to provide patient-specific solutions. The goal of precision medicine lies in improving clinical outcomes, reducing costs, and avoiding unnecessary procedures. In this article, we review the history of atrial remodeling and we summarize the insights from our research on anatomical atrial remodeling and its association with rhythm outcomes after catheter ablation. Finally, we present recent advances in the field, reflecting the beginning of a new technological era that will enable us to improve patient care by personalized patient-specific medicine.