Colonial Emulation, Competition and Opportunism: A Twentieth-Century Spanish Perspective on the British and French ?Empire Projects?

Through the views of Francisco Franco?s major adviser on African Affairs, this paper reveals a hitherto neglected aspect of the long-standing interaction between competing ?imperial projects? in the twentieth century. Tom?s Garc?a Figueras?s (1892?1981) speeches, writings and personal archive provide a long-term and well-informed Spanish perspective on the British and French colonial systems, offering us a model to make sense of three major aspects of inter-imperial relations: emulation, competition, and opportunism. Through this insight into the dynamics of imperial interaction, and the ever-evolving dialogues and exchanges between ?empire projects? from around the European peninsula, this article provides some key elements to answer the long-standing question of what motivates empires to expand, adapt, or contract. It illuminates the ways in which officials engaged in the day-to-day running of European empires looked at each other, in search for examples and counter-examples, emulation or, simply, opportunities. Crucially, it illustrates how ?empire projects? of varying clout interacted with each other, within the limits of realpolitik but well beyond linguistic obstacles, as the multilingual material assembled in the Garc?a Figueras archive clearly attests. It also charts, among national and socio-cultural circles hitherto neglected, the evolution in thinking about colonialism and decolonisation throughout the twentieth century.