Investigation of Histopathological and Cytogenetic Effects of Heavy Metals Pollution on Cyprinus carpio (Linneaus, 1758) in the Golmarmara Lake, Turkey

Concentration of heavy metals were measured in the surface water, sediments and three different organs of Cyprinus carpi from the Golmarmara lake (Manisa, Turkey). Four sampling sites located at different parts of the lake were pre-defined. The accumulation of copper, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, lead, chromium, iron, mangane in gills, liver and muscle of C. carpi were determined. Also, histopathological changes in gill, liver and muscle tissue were examined at light microscopical level. The order of accumulation of heavy metals was found to be Zn>Pb>Fe>Co>Mn>Cr>Ni>Cti>Cd in water, Zn>Cr>Pb>Fe>Co>Mn>Ni>Cu>Cd in sediment, Zn>Cr>Pb>Ni>Cu>Fe>Co>Cd in muscle and Zn>Cr>Pb>Cd>Ni>Cu>Fe>Co in liver and Zn>Cr>Ni>Pb>Cu>Cd>Co>Fe in gills. As a result of histopathological examinations, a significant decrease in mean length of primary and secondary lamellae was observed. Cellular proliferation caused secondary lamellae fusion, ballooning degenerations of secondary lamellae as well as distribution of necrotic and clavate secondary lamellae. In the liver, altered staining, swollen and ruptured parenchymal cells reduce of glycogen in hepatocytes and vacuolar structure filled with cellular debris were seen. In muscle tissue, focal necrosis, cellular dissolution and a decline or loss of striatation in muscle fibres were found. The frequency of micronucleus formation did not show significant differences in fish samples caught from the Golmarmara lake.