Sustainable reuse of palm oil fuel ash in concrete, alkali-activated binders, soil stabilisation, bricks and adsorbent: A waste to wealth approach

Palm oil biomass based power generation is increased in recent times and it leads to the generation of massive amounts of palm oil fuel ash. Due to the challenges associated with the disposal of palm oil fuel ash, earlier studies focused on the reuse of palm oil fuel ash in a variety of applications. However, a comprehensive review on the reuse of palm oil fuel ash is highly limited. Hence, the present review aims to comprehend the potential use of palm oil fuel ash as a pozzolan in concrete, soil stabilisation, and as an adsorbent in waste water treatment. The addition of palm oil fuel ash as pozzolan up to 20% improved the mechanical and durability properties of the blended concrete. Besides, treatment of expansive soil using palm oil fuel ash enhanced its engineering properties. Moreover, the removal efficiencies of Arsenic(V), Lead(II), Cadmium(II), and Chromium(VI) are 50.2%, 90.27%, 68.46%, and 83.59% with the addition of palm oil fuel ash as adsorbent. However, as compared to raw palm oil fuel ash, the treated palm oil fuel ash exhibited superior performance in concrete and soil stabilisation.