Ets-1 and Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α Inhibition by Angiotensin II Type-1 Receptor Blockade in Hormone-Refractory Prostate

BACKGROUND. Accumulating evidences have suggested that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) participates in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis. We previously demonstrated that hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) showed significantly higher angiotensin II (Ang II) type-1 receptor (AT1R) expression, and that the AT1R blocker (ARB) exerted protective effects by inhibiting angiogenesis. However, the downstream transcriptional factors induced by Ang 11 in prostate cancer cells have not been fully elucidated yet. METHODS. Three human prostate cancer cell lines: LNCap, C4-2 and C4-2AT6 were used and analyzed. C4-2AT6 cells were established by culture in androgen-ablated conditioned medium for 6 months. RESULTS. C4-2AT6 cells showed significantly higher AT1R expression, accompanied by higher HIF-1 alpha and Ets-1 expression in the nuclei-is. In C4-2AT6 cells, VEGF production was significantly higher than in C4-2 cells and LNCaP cells. These results suggested that HRPC exhibited aggressive angiogenic properties, accompanied by up-regulated HIF-1 alpha and Ets-1. Ang I I stimulated VEGF production in C4-2 cells and C4-2AT6 cells but not in LNCaP cells. ARB significantly inhibited VEGF production. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Ang II induced nuclear expression of HIF-1 alpha and Ets-1 in C4-2 and C4-2AT6 cells, but not in LNCaP cells. ARB significantly inhibited HIF-1 alpha. and Ets-1 induction in C4-2 and C4-2AT6 cells. CONCLUSIONS. This study suggests that AT1R blockade may have a significant impact on HRPC through the inhibition of HIF-1 alpha and Ets-1 and the resulting suppression of angiogenesis. Our results provide the molecular basis of the clinical benefit of ARB as an angiogenic inhibitor in HRPC. Prostate 70: 162-169, 2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc,