Activation of Shaker potassium channels I.: Characterization of voltage-dependent transitions

The conformational changes associated with activation gating in Shaker potassium channels are functionally characterized in patch-clamp recordings made from Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing Shaker channels with fast inactivation removed. Estimates of the forward and backward rates for transitions are obtained by fitting exponentials to macroscopic ionic and gating cur rent relaxations at voltage extremes, where we assume that transitions are unidirectional. The assignment of different rates is facilitated by using voltage protocols that incorporate prepulses to preload channels into different distributions of states, yielding test currents that reflect different subsets of transitions. These data yield direct estimates of the rate constants and partial charges associated with three forward and three backward transitions, as well as estimates of the partial charges associated with other transitions. The partial charges correspond to an average charge movement of 0.5 e(0) during each transition in the activation process. This value implies that activation gating involves a large number of transitions to account for the total gathering charge displacement of 13 e(0). The characterization of the gating transitions here forms the basis for constraining a detailed gating model to be described in a subsequent paper of this series.