Muscle morphology and performance in master athletes: A systematic review and meta-analyses

Introduction: The extent to which chronic exercise training preserves age-related decrements in physical function, muscle strength, mass and morphology is unclear. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to determine to what extent chronically trained master athletes (strength/power and endurance) preserve levels of physical function, muscle strength, muscle mass and morphology in older age, compared with older and younger controls and young trained individuals. Methods: The systematic data search included Medline, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL and Web of Science databases. Inclusion criteria i) master athletes mean exercise training duration 20 years ii) master athletes mean age of cohort > 59 years) iii) at least one measurement of muscle mass/volume/fibre-type morphology and/or strength/physical function. Results: Fifty-five eligible studies were identified. Meta-analyses were carried out on maximal aerobic capacity, maximal voluntary contraction and body composition. Master endurance athletes (42.0 +/- 6.6 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) exhibited VO2max values comparable with young healthy controls (43.1 +/- 6.8 ml kg(-1) min(-1), P =.84), greater than older controls (27.1 +/- 4.3 ml kg(-1) min(-1), P < 0.01) and master strength/power athletes (26.5 +/- 2.3 ml kg(-1) min(-1) P < 0.01), and lower than young endurance trained individuals (60.0 +/- 5.4 ml kg(-1) min(-1), P < 0.01). Master strength/power athletes (0.60 (0.28-0.93) P < 0.01) and young controls (0.71 (0.06-1.36) P < 0.05) were significantly stronger compared with the other groups. Body fat% was greater in master endurance athletes than young endurance trained (- 4.44% (- 8.44 to -0.43) P < 0.05) but lower compared with older controls (7.11% (5.70-8.52) P < 0.01). Conclusion: Despite advancing age, this review suggests that chronic exercise training preserves physical function, muscular strength and body fat levels similar to that of young, healthy individuals in an exercise mode specific manner.