Extended convolutional capsule network with application on SAR automatic target recognition

Deep learning-based algorithms have a wide range of applications in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) automatic target recognition (ATR). However, most deep learning-based ATR algorithms perform poorly under extended operation conditions (EOCs), such as large depression variation, noise corruption, limited training samples, partial occlusion, and etc. This paper presents a novel deep neural network named extended convolutional capsule network to achieve robust SAR target recognition under EOCs. The proposed method is composed of an encoder network and a decoder network. Specifically, to mitigate the impact of noise on recognition, we first adopt multiple dilated convolutions to extract multi-scale features in the encoder network. Secondly, a feature refinement module is embedded in the multi-scale channels, which aims to extract discriminative and robust features by adaptively highlighting informative features and suppressing useless ones. Finally, we deploy capsule unit-based feature pose preserving layers to retain the spatial relationship among different features in the top-level network layer of the encoder network, which is very useful for improving the recognition performance under limited training samples. The decoder network is formed by stacking transposed convolutional layers to encourage the encoder network to learn discriminative image features. Experiments on the moving and stationary target acquisition and recognition (MSTAR) data demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.