Developmentally regulated long non-coding RNAs in Xenopus tropicalis

Advances in RNA sequencing technologies have led to the surprising discovery that a vast number of transcripts emanate from regions of the genome that are not part of coding genes. Although some of the smaller ncRNAs such as microRNAs have well-characterized functions, the majority of long ncRNA (IncRNA) functions remain poorly understood. Understanding the significance of lncRNAs is an important challenge facing biology today. A powerful approach to uncovering the function of IncRNAs is to explore temporal and spatial expression profiling. This may be particularly useful for classes of IncRNAs that have developmentally important roles as the expression of such lncRNAs will be expected to be both spatially and temporally regulated during development. Here, we take advantage of our ultra-high frequency (temporal) sampling of Xenopus embryos to analyze gene expression trajectories of IncRNA transcripts over the first 3 days of development. We computationally identify 5689 potential single- and multi-exon lncRNAs. These IncRNAs demonstrate clear dynamic expression patterns. A subset of them displays highly correlative temporal expression profiles with respect to those of the neighboring genes. We also identified spatially localized lncRNAs in the gastrula stage embryo. These results suggest that lncRNAs have regulatory roles during early embryonic development. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.