Using radiotelemetry to monitor cardiac response of free-living tule greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons elgasi) to human disturbance

We monitored the heart rates of free-living Tule Greater White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons elgasi) during human disturbances on their wintering range in the Sacramento Valley of California during 1997. We used implanted radio transmitters to record the heart rates of geese as an observer experimentally approached them at a constant walking speed. On average, geese flushed when observers were 47 m (range: 25-100 m) away. Change point regression was used to identify the point in time when heart rate abruptly increased prior to flushing and when heart rate began to level off in flight after flushing. Heart rates of geese increased as the observer approached them during five of six disturbance trials, from 114.1 +/- 6.6 beats/min during the observer's initial approach to 154.8 +/- 7.4 beats/min just prior to flushing at the first change point. On average, goose heart rates began to increase most rapidly 5 see prior to taking flight, and continued to increase rapidly for 4 see after flushing until reaching flight speed. Heart rate was 456.2 +/- 8.4 beats/min at the second change point, which occurred immediately after flushing, and 448.3 +/- 9.5 beats/min 1 min later during flight. Although goose heart rates increased as an observer approached, the largest physiological change occurred during a 9-sec period (range: 1.0-15.7 sec) immediately before and after flushing, when heart rates nearly tripled.