Maximizing the optical performance of planar CH3NH3PbI3 hybrid perovskite heterojunction stacks

A vapour-phase reaction process has been used to deposit smooth and uniform CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite material to enable the measurement of its optical dispersion relations, n and k, by ellipsometry. Fitting was achieved with a combination of Tauc-Lorenz, critical point parabolic band (CPPB) and harmonic oscillators. We have used the dispersion relations in an all-optical model of new planar device architectures in order to establish design rules for future materials choices to maximize the short-circuit current (J(sc)) performance. For 500 nm of MAPI with no window layer, the maximum performance expected from the model is J(sc) = 21.63 mA cm(-2). The ability of thin layers (in the range 20-60 nm) of a range of window layer materials (TiO2, WO3, ZnO, Nb2O5, CdS, and Cd-0.4 Zn0.6S) to enhance the short-circuit current of the devices was investigated. The performance of the oxides showed interference behaviour, with the first maxima in their J(sc) curves exceeding the value achievable without a window layer. However, after the first maximum, the performance generally fell off with increasing thickness. The only material to stay greater than the no-window condition for the entire investigated range is WO3. The highest performance (J(sc) of 22.47 mA cm(-2)) was obtained with 59 nm of WO3, with that of TiO2, ZnO, and Nb2O5 being marginally lower. Parasitic absorption in CdS window layers caused the J(sc) to decrease for all non -zero thicknesses - it gives no interference enhancement and its use cannot be recommended on optical grounds. Use of the wider gap alloy Cd0.4Zn0.6S gave higher currents than did CdS but its performance was not so high as for the oxides. Observations are made on the practicalities of fabricating the target structures in the fabrication of practical PV devices. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license.