Identification of gymnodimine D and presence of gymnodimine variants in the dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii from the Baltic Sea

被引：49

作者：

Harju, Kirsi ^{[1
]}

Koskela, Harri ^{[1
]}

Kremp, Anke ^{[2
]}

Suikkanen, Sanna ^{[2
]}

de la Iglesia, Pablo ^{[3
]}

Miles, Christopher O. ^{[4
,5
]}

Krock, Bernd ^{[6
]}

Vanninen, Paula ^{[1
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Helsinki, Dept Chem, VERIFIN, POB 55,AI Virtasen Aukio 1, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland

[2] Finnish Environm Inst, Ctr Marine Res, Erik Palmenin Aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland

[3] IRTA, Carretera Poble Nou,Km 5-5, San Carlos de la Rapita 43540, Spain

[4] Norwegian Vet Inst, POB 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway

[5] Univ Oslo, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, POB 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway

[6] Alfred Wegener Inst, Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany

来源：

TOXICON | 2016年 / 112卷

基金：

芬兰科学院;

关键词：

Gymnodimine; Dinoflagellate; Alexandrium ostenfeldii; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; High resolution mass spectrometry; NEW-ZEALAND; SPIROLIDE-C; CAUSATIVE ORGANISM; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SHELLFISH TOXINS; MARINE TOXINS; DINOPHYCEAE; BIOSYNTHESIS; PINNATOXINS; STRAINS;

D O I：

10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.01.064

中图分类号：

R9 [药学];

学科分类号：

1007 ;

摘要：

Gymnodimines are lipophilic toxins produced by the marine dinoflagellates Karenia selliformis and Alexandrium ostenfeldii. Currently four gymnodimine analogues are known and characterized. Here we describe a novel gymnodimine and a range of gymnodimine related compounds found in an A. ostenfeldii isolate from the northern Baltic Sea. Gymnodimine D (1) was extracted and purified from clonal cultures, and characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) experiments. The structure of 1 is related to known gymnodimines (2-5) with a six-membered cyclic imine ring and several other fragments typical of gymnodimines. However, the carbon chain in the gymnodimine macrocyclic ring differs from the known gymnodimines in having two tetrahydrofuran rings in the macrocyclic ring. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

引用

页码：68 / 76

页数：9

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