Surface-Initiated Polymerization of Superhydrophobic Polymethylene

We report a new surface-initiated polymerization strategy that yields superhydrophobic polymethylene (PM) films from initially smooth substrates of gold and silicon. The films are prepared by assembling a vinyl-terminated self-assembled monolayer, followed by exposure of the surface to a 0.1 M solution of borane, and polymerizing from the borane sites upon exposure to a solution of diazomethane at -17 degrees C. Surface-initiated polymethylenation (SIPM) presents rapid growth in relation to other surface-initiated reactions, producing PM films thicker than 500 nm after 2 min of reaction and 3 mu m after 24 h of reaction. AFM and SEM images show the presence of micro- and nanoscale features that enable the entrapment of air when exposed to water. Consistent with this result, these films exhibit advancing water contact angles greater than 160 degrees, dramatically different than 103 degrees measured for smooth PM films, and hysteresis values ranging from 2 degrees to 40 degrees depending on the substrate and polymerization time. The superhydrophobic character of the films results in the entrapment of air at the polymer/solution interface to provide remarkable resistances greater than 10(10) Omega.cm(2) against the transport of aqueous redox probes and cause the film to behave as a "perfect" capacitor.