Since its emergence, the development of agriculture has always been closely related to changes in the natural environment. The productivity and development of agriculture largely depend on natural conditions and agriculture and has an important impact on the environment. The development of modern conventional agriculture has also led to a series of ecological, economic, and social problems that threaten human development and sustenance. China has historically been heavily reliant on agriculture and provides food and clothing for approximately 22% of the world's population while only accounting for 9% of the world's cultivated land and 6% of freshwater resources. Since the 21st century, the agricultural development of China has faced increasing resource and environmental constraints due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. Based on the perspective of efficiency evolution, data envelopment analysis (DEA) and spatial autocorrelation analysis (SAA) were used to test the environment adaptability efficiency within China's agricultural systems across 30 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities, and explore its temporal and spatial evolution patterns and characteristics. Our study thus possesses both theoretical and practical significance. Furthermore, this study would enable the development of methods to assess China's agricultural systems, in addition to providing a theoretical basis and guidelines for the creation of sustainable agriculture development strategies both in China and in other countries and regions. The following are the main conclusions of this study: (1) from 2000 to 2018, the overall environmental adaptability efficiency within China's agricultural systems exhibited a gradual upward trend, achieving a transition from medium-level efficiency towards high-level efficiency, and the environmental adaptability of agricultural systems continued to increase. However, a certain gap remained between the level achieved and the DEA's level of effectiveness, and therefore additional efforts are required to close this gap. (2) The environmental adaptability efficiency within China's agricultural system showed a significant positive correlation in spatial distribution. Particularly, clear spatial aggregation characteristics were observed at the provincial level, which was also characterized by strong features of spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. Moreover, the degree of spatial aggregation increased gradually over time. High-value areas were mainly located along the southeast coastal area, whereas low-value areas were primarily located in the inland areas of the northwest. Therefore, environmental adaptability efficiency generally followed a northwest-southeast spatial distribution.
