Risk assessment of oral exposure to diisononyl phthalate from children's products

Dialkyl phthalates are plasticizers used in household products made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Diisononyl phthalate (DINP) is the principal phthalate in soft plastic toys. Because DINP is not tightly bound to PVC, it may be released when children mouth PVC products. The potential chronic health risks of phthalate exposure to infants have been under scrutiny by regulatory agencies in Europe, Canada, Japan, and the U.S. This report describes a risk assessment of DINP exposure from children's products, by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) staff. This report includes the findings of a CPSC Chronic Hazard Advisory Panel (CHAP) which: (1) concluded that DINP is unlikely to present a human cancer hazard and (2) recommended an acceptable daily intake (ADI) level of 120 mug/kg-d, based on spongiosis hepatis in rats. The risk assessment incorporates new measurements of DINP migration rates from 24 toys and a new observational study of children's mouthing activities, with a detailed characterization of the objects mouthed. Probabilistic methods were used to estimate exposure. Mouthing behavior and, thus, exposure depend on the child's age. Approximately 42% of tested soft plastic toys contained DINP. Estimated DINP exposures for soft plastic toys were greatest among children 12-23 months old. The mean exposure for this age group was 0.08 (95% confidence interval 0.04-0.14) mug/kg-d, with a 99th percentile of 2.4 (1.3-3.2) mug/kg-d. The authors conclude that oral exposure to DINP from mouthing soft plastic toys is not likely to present a health hazard to children. The opinions expressed by the authors have not been reviewed or approved by, and do not necessarily reflect the views of, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Because this material was prepared by the authors in their official capacity, it is in the public domain and may be freely copied or reprinted. Published by Elsevier Inc.