Effect of a four-week virtual reality-based training versus conventional therapy on upper limb motor function after stroke: A multicenter parallel group randomized trial

Background Virtual reality-based training has found increasing use in neurorehabilitation to improve upper limb training and facilitate motor recovery. Objective The aim of this study was to directly compare virtual reality-based training with conventional therapy. Methods In a multi-center, parallel-group randomized controlled trial, patients at least 6 months after stroke onset were allocated either to an experimental group (virtual reality-based training) or a control group receiving conventional therapy (16x45 minutes within 4 weeks). The virtual reality-based training system replicated patients' upper limb movements in real-time to manipulate virtual objects. Blinded assessors tested patients twice before, once during, and twice after the intervention up to 2-month follow-up for dexterity (primary outcome: Box and Block Test), bimanual upper limb function (Chedoke-McMaster Arm and Hand Activity Inventory), and subjective perceived changes (Stroke Impact Scale). Results 54 eligible patients (70 screened) participated (15 females, mean age 61.3 years, range 2081 years, time since stroke 3.0 +/- SD 3 years). 22 patients were allocated to the experimental group and 32 to the control group (3 drop-outs). Patients in the experimental and control group improved: Box and Block Test mean 21.5 +/- SD 16 baseline to mean 24.1 +/- SD 17 follow-up; Chedoke-McMaster Arm and Hand Activity Inventory mean 66.0 +/- SD 21 baseline to mean 70.2 +/- SD 19 follow-up. An intention-to-treat analysis found no between-group differences. Conclusions Patients in the experimental and control group showed similar effects, with most improvements occurring in the first two weeks and persisting until the end of the two-month followup period. The study population had moderate to severely impaired motor function at entry (Box and Block Test mean 21.5 +/- SD 16). Patients, who were less impaired (Box and Block Test range 18 to 72) showed higher improvements in favor of the experimental group. This result could suggest that virtual reality-based training might be more applicable for such patients than for more severely impaired patients.