Aqueous Rechargeable Li and Na Ion Batteries

The increased use of fossil fuel combustion to produce electricity increases carbon dioxide gas levels in the atmosphere, causing a greenhouse effect. Thus, electricity from renewable and sustainable energy resources such as solar, wind, and tide has moved to the center of attention. LIBs have been successfully used as power sources in most of today's portable electronics. Although LIBs have been optimized to meet the requirements of portable electronics, some intrinsic characteristics make the current LIBs less feasible for large-scale stationary ESSs, where the cost, safety, and long cycle life become relatively more important than energy densities. A variety of electrode materials for ARLBs have been introduced. Unlike the electrode materials used in organic electrolyte systems, the redox potentials of electrode materials in aqueous electrolytes should be within or near the electrolysis potentials of water.