Minimal cooling of neutron stars: A new paradigm

A new classification of neutron star cooling scenarios, involving either "minimal'' cooling or "enhanced'' cooling, is proposed. The minimal cooling scenario replaces and extends the so-called standard cooling scenario to include neutrino emission from the Cooper pair breaking and formation process. This emission dominates that due to the modified Urca process for temperatures close to the critical temperature for superfluid pairing. Minimal cooling is distinguished from enhanced cooling by the absence of neutrino emission from any direct Urca process, due either to nucleons or to exotica such as hyperons, Bose condensates, or deconfined quarks. Within the minimal cooling scenario, theoretical cooling models can be considered to be a four parameter family involving the equation of state ( including various compositional possibilities) of dense matter, superfluid properties of dense matter, the composition of the neutron star envelope, and the mass of the neutron star. The consequences of minimal cooling are explored through extensive variations of these parameters. The results are compared with the inferred properties of thermally emitting neutron stars in order to ascertain if enhanced cooling occurs in any of them. All stars for which thermal emissions have been clearly detected are at least marginally consistent with the lack of enhanced cooling, given the combined uncertainties in ages and temperatures or luminosities. The two pulsars PSR 0833 - 45 (Vela) and PSR 1706 - 44 would require enhanced cooling in case their ages and/or temperatures are on the lower side of their estimated values, whereas the four stars PSR 0656+14, PSR 1055 - 52, Geminga, and RX J0720.4 - 3125 may require some source of internal heating in case their age and/or luminosity are on the upper side of their estimated values. The new upper limits on the thermal luminosity of PSR J0205+6449 ( in the supernova remnant 3C 58) and RX J0007.0+7302 ( in CTA 1) are indicative of the occurrence of some enhanced neutrino emission beyond the minimal scenario.