New physiological effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid in plants: The increase of photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and plant growth

5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) promoted the growth and yield of several crops and vegetables at concentrations lower than those eliciting herbicidal responses, i.e., less than 1.8 mM by foliar spray and 60 mu M by root soaking, To evaluate the physiological action of ALA, the effects of ALA on plants were examined by several bioassay systems at 0.0006-600 mu M. ALA at 0.06-6 mu M by root soaking increased the growth of rice seedlings in light, but did not affect this in darkness. In horseradish shoot primordia, promotion by ALA was not proportional among total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll concentration, and fresh weight, In the test using pothos, ALA at 0.06 mu M elicited the accumulation of chlorophyll, but the photosynthesis of the plants was promoted by treatment together with ALA and nutrients. These results suggest that ALA have a variety of plant physiological effects on chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, and plant growth, and ALA acts as a growth regulator in plants at low concentrations. These effects of ALA were also assumed to be linked to light irradiation and an uptake of fertilizer by plants. However, excess ALA suppressed these effects.