The Effect of Crataegus Fruit Extract and Some of its Flavonoids on Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation in the Heart

Crataegus (Hawthorn) fruit extracts (CE) are widely used for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases (arrhythmias, heart failure, myocardial weakness, etc). Despite the fact that many of these diseases are associated with disturbances of the mitochondria, no data have been found on the effect of CE on their function. The aim of this study was to perform an oxygraphic investigation of the effect of CE (in concentration range from 70 ng/mL to 13.9 mu g/mL of Crataegus phenolic compounds (PC)) and its several pure flavonoids on isolated rat heart mitochondria respiring on pyruvate + malate, succinate and palmitoyl-L-carnitine + malate. CE at doses under 278 ng/mL of PC had no effect on mitochondria) functions. At concentrations from 278 ng/mL to 13.9 mu g/mL of PC, CE stimulated State 2 respiration by 11%-34% with all used substrates, and decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential by 1.2-4.4 mV measured with a tetraphenylphosphonium-selective electrode and H2O2 production measured fluorimetrically. Similar uncoupling effects on mitochondrial respiration were observed with several pure CE flavonoids. The highest CE concentration also slightly reduced the maximal ADP-stimulated and uncoupled respiration, which might be due to inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain between flavoprotein and cytochrome c. Whether or not the uncoupling and other effects of CE on mitochondria may be realized is vivo remains to be determined. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.