Closed and abandoned mines in Namibia: a critical review of environmental impacts and constraints to rehabilitation

Environmental problems during the post-mining phase have generally been given less attention than those during the operational phase of a mine. We reviewed the existing knowledge of the threats posed by closed and abandoned mines to natural and human environments in Namibia and identified current limitations and constraints to mine rehabilitation. The exposure of ecosystems and communities to more than 250 abandoned mines is a significant hazard throughout the country. At the same time, mining is one of the largest sectors contributing to Namibia's economy. The legal framework related to mine rehabilitation is fragmented and incomprehensive and has failed to protect the environment from adverse impacts of mining. Other constraints to successful planning and implementation of mine rehabilitation include lack of knowledge, skills, cooperation, and funding. A more holistic approach is needed to address complex challenges related to the abandoned mines. Improving the current situation would require better integration of mining and environmental legislation, training and recruitment of mine rehabilitation experts, monitoring the long-term effects of mining, international collaboration, and implementing a binding financing mechanism for mine rehabilitation.