Analysis of the third transmembrane domain of the human type 1 angiotensin II receptor by cysteine scanning mutagenesis

Activation of G protein-coupled receptors by agonists involves significant movement of transmembrane domains (TMD) following agonist binding. The underlying structural mechanism by which receptor activation takes place is largely unknown but can be inferred by detecting variability within the environment of the ligand-binding pocket, which is a water-accessible crevice surrounded by the seven TMD helices. Using the substituted-cysteine accessibility method, we identified the residues within the third TMD of the wild-type angiotensin II (AT(1)) receptor that contribute to the formation of the binding site pocket. Each residue within the Ile(103) - Tyr(127) region was mutated one at a time to a cysteine. Treating the A104C, N111C, and L112C mutant receptors with the charged sulfhydryl-specific alkylating agent methanethiosulfonate-ethylammonium ( MTSEA) strongly inhibited ligand binding, which suggests that these residues orient themselves within the water-accessible binding pocket of the AT(1) receptor. Interestingly, this pattern of acquired MTSEA sensitivity was altered for TMD3 reporter cysteines engineered in a constitutively active AT(1) receptor. Indeed, two additional mutants (S109C and V116C) were found to be sensitive to MTSEA treatment. Our results suggest that constitutive activation of the AT(1) receptor causes a minor counterclockwise rotation of TMD3, thereby exposing residues, which are not present in the inactive state, to the binding pocket. This pattern of accessibility of residues in the TMD3 of the AT1 receptor parallels that of homologous residues in rhodopsin. This study identified key elements of TMD3 that contribute to the activation of class A G protein-coupled receptors through structural rearrangements.