Operation of a Technical Virtual Power Plant Considering Diverse Distributed Energy Resources

Virtual power plants (VPPs) have emerged as a way to coordinate and control the growing number of distributed energy resources (DERs) within power systems. Typically, VPP models have focused on financial or commercial outcomes and have not considered the technical constraints of the distribution system. The objective of this article is the development of a technical VPP (TVPP) operational model to optimize the scheduling of a diverse set of DERs operating in a day-ahead energy market, considering grid management constraints. The effects on network congestion, voltage profiles, and power losses are presented and analyzed. In addition, the thermal comfort of the consumers is considered and the tradeoffs between comfort, cost, and technical constraints are presented. The model quantifies and allocates the benefits of the DER operation to the owners in a fair and efficient manner using the Vickrey-Clarke-Grove mechanism. This article develops a stochastic mixed-integer linear programming model and various case studies are thoroughly examined on the IEEE 119 bus test system. Results indicate that electric vehicles provide the largest marginal contribution to the TVPP, closely followed by solar photovoltaic (PV) units. Also, the results show that the operations of the TVPP improve financial metrics and increase consumer engagement while improving numerous technical operational metrics. The proposed TVPP model is shown to improve the ability of the system to incorporate DERs, including those from commercial buildings.