Improving the concept of energy security in an energy transition environment: Application to the gas sector in the European Union

This article attempts to offer an expanded concept of energy security taking into account three new perspectives: sovereignty, robustness and resilience. In turn, the evolution of energy security for gas in the Member States of the European Union 27 (EU-27) is studied. To do this, the results obtained from two different methods are compared: a simple indicator (narrow) and another composite (extended) that has taken into account two environmental factors: the availability of resources and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The result of the comparison between the evolution of our simple and composite indicator indicates that the energy security of gas in the EU as a whole has been more affected if the narrow approach than the broad approach to energy security is considered.