Applications of electrochemical techniques for determination of anticoagulant drug (Rivaroxaban) in real samples

The electrochemical behavior of rivaroxaban (RIV), a direct Factor Xa inhibitor, was investigated using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) based on molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). The MIP was developed by copolymerization of different monomers (acrylamide and methacrylic acid) with the cross-linker (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA)) in the presence of initiator (potassium persulphate) and RIV as a template. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for the characterization of the fabricated polymers. To prepare the potentiometric sensor, the MIP was incorporated in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in the presence of a plasticizer and coated on the GCE as one layer. While the voltammetric sensor was prepared by drop coating technique, in which the graphene oxide and MIP were deposited on the bare GCE, respectively. Linear response over RIV concentrations in the range of 1.2 x 10(-9) - 1 x 10(-3) mol L-1 and 5.4 x 10(-11) - 3.1 x 10(-3) mol L-1 with detection limits of 2.4 x 10(-10) mol L-1 and 2.3 x 10(-12) mol L-1 were achieved for potentiometric and voltammetric sensors, respectively. Both sensors have high precision, selectivity, and good stability. Due to the abovementioned merits, both sensors were successfully applied for the detection of RIV in different blood samples and in pharmaceutical tablets, and acceptable mean recoveries (99.3-100.3%) were obtained.