Evidence for altitudinal migration of forest birds between montane Eastern Arc and lowland forests in East Africa

In this paper we assess the evidence for altitudinal movements of forest birds from thr montane forests of the Eastern Are mountains of East Africa to nearby lowland forest patches. For 34 montane species, including all the Eastern Are endemics except Banded Green Sunbird Anthreptes rubritopques there is no evidence that they undertake seasonal movements to lower altitudes. An additional 26 montane species, of somewhat wider distribution, have been recorded at low (<500 m) altitudes during the cold/dry season (June to September). Most records of these montane birds at lower altitudes are from sites adjoining montane forest areas, although a few records are from lowland coastal forests at 100-240 km distance from montane areas. Only five of the 26 species (White-chested Alethe Alethe fulleborni, White-starred Forest Robin Pogonorichla stellata, Orange Ground Thrush Zoothera gurneyi, Evergreen Forest Warbler Bradypterus mariae and Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo Cercococcyx montanus) are regularly and commonly reported in the lowlands. They are also found in the lowlands in small numbers during the warm/wet season (October to February), when they may breed. The abundance of at least four, and probably more, of the forest birds with a more widespread distribution in the lowland and montane forests of East Africa declines greatly at high altitudes from the onset of the cold/wet season (February) and only increases again at the start of the warm/wet season (September). It is not known how far these species move as they cannot be easily separated from resident populations in lowland forests, and there are no ringing recoveries in different forests. Altitudinal migration of a proportion of the Eastern Are avifauna is the most likely explanation for available data, although source-sink metapopulation theories may be helpful to explain the distributions of some species. As the movement of forest birds from the Eastern Are to the lowland forests does not involve the ran endemics, they are of lower conservation concern. but the presence of montane and lowland forest may be important For the long-term survival of some more widely distributed forest species.