Lessons from initiation to implementation of ICM programs in Xiamen: Key drivers and enabling environment for achieving social, environmental and economic sustainability

This paper addresses key drivers and enabling conditions for implementing Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) programs in Xiamen, China. The drivers for initiating and implementing ICM programs in Xiamen included a growing level of environmental awareness, multiple-use conflicts and the need for more integrated coastal and ocean governance, and a clear vision and leadership from the Xiamen Municipal Government. Similar to other successful ICM initiatives, the efforts in Xiamen demonstrated the importance of action plans, a legislative framework, financial sustainability, information management and dissemination, and capacity development in providing for an enabling environment for ICM activities. Strong political will and leadership from the Municipal Government, underpinned by local autonomy over coastal resource management, are also highlighted as key factors that provided for successful outcomes.