Synergistic potential of fenvalerate and triadimefon on endocrine disruption and oxidative stress during rare minnow embryo development

Pyrethroids have been reported to interact synergistically when co-exposed with azoles fungicides in different organisms. In the present study, we investigated the mixture toxicity of fenvalerate (FEN) and triadimefon (TDF) toward embryos of Gobiocypris rarus after 96 h exposure. Results demonstrated that TDF enhanced the acute toxicity of FEN. Exposure to binary mixtures of FEN and TDF resulted in synergistic responses of endocrine disruption by inducing the transcripts of several genes including vtg, er, er1, er2, cyp19a, cyp1a, cyp4, cyp11a, gnrh3, gnrhr1a, star, and dmrt1. Furthermore, FEN and TDF mixture increased the VTG level and aromatase activity in rare minnow embryos. FEN and TDF co-exposure also regulated the mRNA of vezf, hsp70, p53, gadd45, induced the synthesis of ROS and activity of GST, suggesting the synergistic potential of oxidative stress induced by FEN and TDF co-exposure. The results indicated that binary mixtures of FEN and TDF could simultaneously induce endocrine disruption and oxidative stress in a synergistic manner during rare minnow embryo development.