A clonal propagation system for Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) via somatic embryogenesis without the use of plant growth regulators

Atlantic white cedar (AWC; Chamaecyparis thyoides), an aromatic evergreen conifer native to swamps and bogs along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the eastern United States was once an important species for timber production due to its durable wood. However, native populations have declined over the past two centuries. We established an in vitro propagation system for AWC via somatic embryogenesis (SE) without the use of plant growth regulators (PGRs). Whole megagametophytes with zygotic embryos from immature AWC cones were cultured on a modified half-strength embryo maturation (EM) medium with three different PGR treatments, including one devoid of PGRs. Both PGR treatment and cone collection date had significant effects on embryogenesis induction, with EM with no PGRs giving the highest embryogenesis induction, which ranged as high as 27%. We also conducted experiments to determine the effects of activated carbon (AC) and abscisic acid (ABA) in the maturation medium on production of mature somatic embryos. AC significantly affected this variable, with 2 g l(-1) producing more embryos than 0 g l(-1). Application of exogenous ABA not only failed to improve production of mature somatic embryos, the highest level tested (200 A mu M), apparently lowered production of mature embryos compared to the 0 ABA control. The highest numbers of mature somatic embryos per ml of plated embryogenic suspension (32-37) were produced on medium with 2 g l(-1) AC and levels of ABA at 100 A mu M or lower. The SE system described here has the potential to contribute the restoration of Atlantic white cedar to its native habitat.