Cardioembolic Stroke Risk and Recovery After Anticoagulation-Related Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose Whether to resume oral anticoagulation treatment after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains an unresolved question. Previous studies focused primarily on recurrent stroke after ICH. We sought to investigate the association between cardioembolic stroke risk, oral anticoagulation therapy resumption, and functional recovery among ICH survivors in the absence of recurrent stroke. Methods We conducted a joint analysis of 3 observational studies: (1) the multicenter RETRACE study (German-Wide Multicenter Analysis of Oral Anticoagulation Associated Intracerebral Hemorrhage); (2) the Massachusetts General Hospital ICH study (n=166); and (3) the ERICH study (Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage; n=131). We included 941 survivors of ICH in the setting of active oral anticoagulation therapy for prevention of cardioembolic stroke because of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and without evidence of ischemic stroke and recurrent ICH at 1 year from the index event. We created univariable and multivariable models to explore associations between cardioembolic stroke risk (based on CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc scores) and functional recovery after ICH, defined as achieving modified Rankin Scale score of 3 at 1 year for participants with modified Rankin Scale score of >3 at discharge. Results In multivariable analyses, the CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score was associated with a decreased likelihood of functional recovery (odds ratio, 0.83 per 1 point increase; 95% CI, 0.79-0.86) at 1 year. Anticoagulation resumption was independently associated with a higher likelihood of recovery, regardless of CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score (odds ratio, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.32-2.70). We found an interaction between CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc score and anticoagulation resumption in terms of association with increased likelihood of functional recovery (interaction P=0.011). Conclusions Increasing cardioembolic stroke risk is associated with a decreased likelihood of functional recovery at 1 year after ICH, but this association was weaker among participants resuming oral anticoagulation therapy. These findings support, including recovery metrics, in future studies of anticoagulation resumption after ICH.