First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way

被引:1250
作者
Akiyama, Kazunori [1 ,2 ,3 ]
Alberdi, Antxon [4 ]
Alef, Walter [5 ]
Algaba, Juan Carlos [6 ]
Anantua, Richard [3 ,7 ,8 ]
Asada, Keiichi [9 ]
Azulay, Rebecca [5 ,10 ,11 ]
Bach, Uwe [5 ]
Baczko, Anne-Kathrin [5 ]
Ball, David [12 ,13 ]
Balokovic, Mislav [14 ]
Barrett, John [1 ]
Baubock, Michi [15 ]
Benson, Bradford A. [16 ,17 ]
Bintley, Dan [18 ,19 ]
Blackburn, Lindy [3 ,7 ]
Blundell, Raymond [7 ]
Bouman, Katherine L. [20 ]
Bower, Geoffrey C. [21 ,22 ]
Boyce, Hope [23 ,24 ]
Bremer, Michael [25 ]
Brinkerink, Christiaan D. [26 ]
Brissenden, Roger [3 ,7 ]
Britzen, Silke [5 ]
Broderick, Avery E. [27 ,28 ,29 ]
Broguiere, Dominique [25 ]
Bronzwaer, Thomas [26 ]
Bustamante, Sandra [30 ]
Byun, Do-Young [31 ,32 ]
Carlstrom, John E. [17 ,33 ,34 ,35 ]
Ceccobello, Chiara [36 ]
Chael, Andrew [37 ,38 ]
Chan, Chi-kwan [12 ,13 ,39 ,40 ]
Chatterjee, Koushik [3 ,7 ]
Chatterjee, Shami [41 ]
Chen, Ming-Tang [21 ]
Chen, Yongjun [42 ,43 ]
Cheng, Xiaopeng [31 ]
Cho, Ilje [4 ]
Christian, Pierre [44 ]
Conroy, Nicholas S. [7 ,45 ]
Conway, John E. [36 ]
Cordes, James M. [41 ]
Crawford, Thomas M. [17 ,33 ]
Crew, Geoffrey B. [1 ]
Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro [46 ]
Cui, Yuzhu [47 ,48 ,49 ]
Davelaar, Jordy [26 ,50 ,51 ,52 ]
De Laurentis, Mariafelicia [46 ,53 ,54 ]
Deane, Roger [55 ,56 ,57 ]
机构
[1] MIT, Haystack Observ, 99 Millstone Rd, Westford, MA 01886 USA
[2] Natl Astron Observ Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan
[3] Harvard Univ, Black Hole Initiat, 20 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
[4] CSIC, Inst Astrofis Andalucia, Glorieta Astron S-N, E-18008 Granada, Spain
[5] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, Hugel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
[6] Univ Malaya, Fac Sci, Dept Phys, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
[7] Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian, 60 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
[8] Univ Texas San Antonio, Dept Phys & Astron, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
[9] Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 11F Astron Math Bldg,AS NTU 1,Sec 4,Roosevelt Rd, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
[10] Univ Valencia, Dept Astron & Astrofis, C Dr Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain
[11] Univ Valencia, Observ Astron, C Catedrat Jose Beltran 2, E-46980 Valencia, Spain
[12] Univ Arizona, Steward Observ, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
[13] Univ Arizona, Dept Astron, 933 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
[14] Yale Univ, Yale Ctr Astron & Astrophys, 52 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
[15] Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, 1110 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
[16] Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, MS209,POB 500, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
[17] Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
[18] East Asian Observ, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA
[19] James Clerk Maxwell Telescope JCMT, 660 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA
[20] CALTECH, 1200 East Calif Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
[21] Acad Sinica, Inst Astron & Astrophys, 645 N Aohoku Pl, Hilo, HI 96720 USA
[22] Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Phys & Astron, 2505 Correa Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA
[23] McGill Univ, Dept Phys, 3600 Rue Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T8, Canada
[24] McGill Univ, McGill Space Inst, 3550 Rue Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 2A7, Canada
[25] Inst Radioastron Millimetr IRAM, 300 Rue Piscine, F-38406 St Martin Dheres, France
[26] Radboud Univ Nijmegen, Inst Math Astrophys & Particle Phys IMAPP, Dept Astrophys, POB 9010, NL-6500 GL Nijmegen, Netherlands
[27] Perimeter Inst Theoret Phys, 31 Caroline St N, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada
[28] Univ Waterloo, Dept Phys & Astron, 200 Univ Ave, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
[29] Univ Waterloo, Waterloo Ctr Astrophys, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
[30] Univ Massachusetts, Dept Astron, Amherst, MA 01003 USA
[31] Korea Astron & Space Sci Inst, Daedeok Daero 776, Daejeon 34055, South Korea
[32] Univ Sci & Technol, Gajeong Ro 217, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
[33] Univ Chicago, Kavli Inst Cosmol Phys, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
[34] Univ Chicago, Dept Phys, 5720 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
[35] Univ Chicago, Enrico Fermi Inst, 5640 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
[36] Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Space Earth & Environm, Onsala Space Observ, SE-43992 Onsala, Sweden
[37] Princeton Univ, Princeton Ctr Theoret Sci, Jadwin Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA
[38] NASA Hubble Fellowship Program, Washington, DC USA
[39] Univ Arizona, Data Sci Inst, 1230 N Cherry Ave, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
[40] Univ Arizona, Program Appl Math, 617 N Santa Rita, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA
[41] Cornell Univ, Cornell Ctr Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
[42] Chinese Acad Sci, Shanghai Astron Observ, 80 Nandan Rd, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China
[43] Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Radio Astron, Nanjing 210008, Peoples R China
[44] Fairfield Univ, Phys Dept, 1073 North Benson Rd, Fairfield, CT 06824 USA
[45] Univ Illinois, Dept Astron, 1002 West Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
[46] Goethe Univ Frankfurt, Inst Theoret Phys, Max von Laue Str 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
[47] Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Tsung Dao Lee Inst, Shengrong Rd 520, Shanghai 201210, Peoples R China
[48] Natl Astron Observ Japan, Mizusawa VLBI Observ, 2-12 Hoshigaoka, Oshu, Iwate 0230861, Japan
[49] Grad Univ Adv Studies SOKENDAI, Dept Astron Sci, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 1818588, Japan
[50] Columbia Univ, Dept Astron, 550 W 120th St, New York, NY 10027 USA
基金
瑞典研究理事会; 新加坡国家研究基金会; 欧洲研究理事会; 日本学术振兴会; 中国博士后科学基金; 美国国家科学基金会; 芬兰科学院; 加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会; 美国国家航空航天局;
关键词
ADVECTION-DOMINATED ACCRETION; MAGNETIC-FIELD STRUCTURE; ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI; X-RAY-EMISSION; SGR-A; VLBI OBSERVATIONS; LINEAR-POLARIZATION; INTRINSIC SIZE; SCALE STRUCTURE; RADIO-SOURCE;
D O I
10.3847/2041-8213/ac6674
中图分类号
P1 [天文学];
学科分类号
0704 ;
摘要
We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the Galactic center source associated with a supermassive black hole. These observations were conducted in 2017 using a global interferometric array of eight telescopes operating at a wavelength of lambda = 1.3 mm. The EHT data resolve a compact emission region with intrahour variability. A variety of imaging and modeling analyses all support an image that is dominated by a bright, thick ring with a diameter of 51.8 +/- 2.3 mu as (68% credible interval). The ring has modest azimuthal brightness asymmetry and a comparatively dim interior. Using a large suite of numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the EHT images of Sgr A* are consistent with the expected appearance of a Kerr black hole with mass similar to 4 x 10(6) M (circle dot), which is inferred to exist at this location based on previous infrared observations of individual stellar orbits, as well as maser proper-motion studies. Our model comparisons disfavor scenarios where the black hole is viewed at high inclination (i > 50 degrees), as well as nonspinning black holes and those with retrograde accretion disks. Our results provide direct evidence for the presence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, and for the first time we connect the predictions from dynamical measurements of stellar orbits on scales of 10(3)-10(5) gravitational radii to event-horizon-scale images and variability. Furthermore, a comparison with the EHT results for the supermassive black hole M87* shows consistency with the predictions of general relativity spanning over three orders of magnitude in central mass.
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页数:21
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