Diversity and composition of farm plantation tree/shrub species along altitudinal gradients in North-eastern Ethiopia: implication for conservation

On-farm tree plantation is a form of land use where trees are planted at the edge or interspersed with crops. It has been practiced in different parts of Ethiopia due to its contribution to the household economy and soil fertility. This study was carried out to evaluate the variation in tree/shrub plantations along altitudinal gradients and plantation niches, and farmers' on-farm tree plantation practices at Kobo and Guba Lafto districts, North-eastern Ethiopia. Transect walks and semi-structured questionnaire were administered to appraise farmers' tree/shrub plantation practices and compositions between August and December 2020. A total of 135 plots along altitudinal gradients (Forty-five sample plots per altitude) and 135 retrieved questionnaires (45 per altitude) were analyzed. At each plot, tree/shrub richness, diversity, stem density, and important value index (IVI) were computed. Multivariate analysis, descriptive statistics, and preference rankings were used to evaluate vegetation data and farmers' perceptions on tree/shrub plantations. The results showed that most farmers (78.5 %) integrate trees with their crops for household use and soil fertility maintenance. The multivariate analysis revealed a significant reduction in the number of taxa, stem density, richness, and diversity with increasing elevation, from homestead to the boundary and on-farm plantation niches. Ziziphus spina-christi and Cordia africana were the most preferred tree species; Fabaceae was the dominant family representing 18.9 % of the species. The results emphasized considerable variations in relative density, relative dominance, and important value index (IVI) across altitudinal gradients and plantation niches. Acacia seyal and Z. spina-christi contributed the highest IVI at lower and middle elevations, whereas Eucalyptus globulus had high IVI at a higher elevation. In the study districts, the distribution of multifunctional indigenous tree plantations gradually decreases with the entire altitudinal gradients compared to exotic trees/shrubs. This calls for substantial efforts on the propagation and conservation of native tree and shrub genetic resources.