c-Fos Proteasomal Degradation Is Activated by a Default Mechanism, and Its Regulation by NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 Determines c-Fos Serum Response Kinetics

The short-lived proto-oncoprotein c-Fos is a component of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factor. A large region of c-Fos is intrinsically unstructured and susceptible to a recently characterized proteasomal ubiquitin-independent degradation (UID) pathway. UID is active by a default mechanism that is inhibited by NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), a 20S proteasome gatekeeper. Here, we show that NQO1 binds and induces robust c-Fos accumulation by blocking the UID pathway. c-Jun, a partner of c-Fos, also protects c-Fos from proteasomal degradation by default. Our findings suggest that NQO1 protects monomeric c-Fos from proteasomal UID, a function that is fulfilled later by c-Jun. We show that this process regulates c-Fos homeostasis (proteostasis) in response to serum stimulation, phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and transcription activity. In addition, we show that NQO1 is important to ensure immediate c-Fos accumulation in response to serum, since a delayed response was observed under low NQO1 expression. These data suggest that in vivo, protein unstructured regions determine the kinetics and the homeostasis of regulatory proteins. Our data provide evidence for another layer of regulation of key regulatory proteins that functions at the level of protein degradation and is designed to ensure optimal formation of functional complexes such as AP-1.