Erythrocyte oxidative stress in clinical management of diabetes and its cardiovascular complications

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease in its own right and is also regarded as a cardiovascular risk factor as well as a cardiovascular disease, due to its ability to progress to a stage of cardiovascular co-morbidity. The pathophysiology of cardiovascular complications in diabetes is reported to involve hyperglyaemia-induced oxidative stress. The erythrocyte has an array of endogenous antioxidants involved in quenching oxidant production and the exponential chain reactions in diabetes. When the erythrocyte is oxidatively stressed, as demonstrated by depleted reduced glutathione and/or increased malondialdehyde in its cell membrane, the risk of diabetes progression and its cardiovascular sequelae, including atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease, is increased. Virtually all studies that determined erythrocyte malondialdehyde and glutathione in diabetes show consistently increased and reduced levels, respectively. Furthermore, cardiovascular complications of diabetes are reported to commence at the prediabetes stage. Current coronary artery disease screening programmes based on the presence of two or more risk factors are failing to identify those with increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular complications, thereby limiting early interventions. Screening that includes erythrocyte oxidative stress determination may provide an additional marker for both preclinical and advanced disease. In this review, a concise description of the involvement of erythrocyte oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus and its cardiovascular sequelae is presented. Antioxidant action and interaction in the erythrocyte are also described, with emphasis on why current coronary artery disease screening markers cannot be regarded as erythrocyte oxidative stress markers.